In addition to reliably indicating sex and age, individual differences in the mean pitch of speech utterances facilitate speaker recognition, predict mating success and social status, and influence listeners' biosocial judgements of vocalizers ( for reviews). Voice pitch plays an important role in human social interactions.
In addition to fluctuating dynamically during speech production within a single vocalizer ( for reviews), F0 varies widely across individuals, both between the sexes (men's voices are lower-pitched than women's) and within adults of the same sex, due to a combination of endocrinological, physiological, anatomical and social factors. Fundamental frequency in modal speech corresponds to the rate at which the vocal folds vibrate, determined by their effective mass, length and tension. Indexical cues to a vocalizer's identity, sex and age are readily transmitted by the non-linguistic properties of modal speech, particularly fundamental frequency ( F0), perceived as voice pitch ( for review). In addition to being the carrier of language, the human voice has been shaped by selection to communicate biologically relevant traits of the vocalizer ( for review). Our results indicate that biologically and socially relevant indexical cues in the human voice are preserved in simulated valenced speech and vocalizations, including vocalizations characterized by extreme F0 modulation, suggesting that voice pitch may function as a reliable individual and biosocial marker across disparate communication contexts. 38% of the variance in roar F0 was predicted by aggressive speech F0). Despite these extreme pitch differences, sexual dimorphism was preserved within call types and, critically, inter-individual differences in F0 correlated across vocal types ( r = 0.36–0.80) with stronger relationships between vocal types of the same valence (e.g. Acoustic analyses revealed substantial variability in F0 across vocal types, with mean F0 increasing as much as 10-fold in screams compared to speech in the same individual. Here, using a corpus of vocal sounds from 51 men and women, we examined whether individual differences in F0 are retained across neutral speech, valenced speech and nonverbal vocalizations (screams, roars and pain cries). Yet, the role of F0 in human nonverbal vocalizations remains unclear, and given considerable variability in F0 across call types, it is not known whether F0 cues to vocalizer attributes are shared across speech and nonverbal vocalizations. Fundamental frequency ( F0, perceived as voice pitch) predicts sex and age, hormonal status, mating success and a range of social traits, and thus functions as an important biosocial marker in modal speech.
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